For safety reasons, any dual accelerator must be removed before a vehicle can be used by a candidate for their driving test.

Road humps, chicanes and narrowings are all traffic-calming measures designed to keep vehicle speeds low. They're used to protect vulnerable road users near areas such as housing estates and shopping centres.

When booking a driving-test appointment, it's important to declare if the candidate is deaf. This will ensure that appropriate arrangements are made for the test.

Emphasise that it's important to get into the habit of using all the mirrors before making any manoeuvre. It's particularly important to check the appropriate exterior mirror before overtaking.

You must obey signals given by police officers, traffic officers, traffic wardens and signs used by school crossing patrols. When a police officer signals to you to stop, you should stop safely on the left and switch off your engine.

When all four wheels are driven, there's less chance of the tyres losing their grip, compared with a two-wheel-drive vehicle. But this doesn't replace the skills you need to drive safely. The extra grip helps to prevent skidding when travelling on slippery or uneven roads.

Officially, the flashing of headlights has the same meaning as sounding the horn - a warning of the presence of a vehicle. However, drivers sometimes flash their headlights for other reasons. Make sure you know what's meant by the signal before acting on it.

A candidate must be able to read a modern-style number plate (made after 1 September 2001) from 20 metres. If the candidate's eyesight isn't up to the required standard, the test will go no further and they'll have failed.

The colours of the reflective studs on the motorway, and their locations, are
- red - between the hard shoulder and the carriageway
- white - between the lanes
- amber - between the edge of the
carriageway and the central reservation
- green - along slip-road exits and entrances bright green/yellow - at roadworks and contraflow systems.

It can be worrying if the driver behind hasn't left enough room to stop if you have to brake hard - for example, in an emergency. Driving defensively, you should give yourself a greater safety margin by easing back from the vehicle in front. If an emergency arises, you'll be able to slow down more gradually, giving the driver behind more time to respond.

If your car is fitted with an anti-lock braking system (ABS), this will activate when you brake so hard that the tyres start to lose their grip on the road surface. At this point, the wheels would normally lock up and a skid would start. The ABS senses the wheel locking and releases the brake pressure just enough to avoid the skid. It then cycles through applying and releasing the brake pressure many times per second. This ensures maximum braking for the available grip is constantly applied without the wheels locking.

Road humps are there to reduce the speed of traffic. Don't accelerate between them, as their purpose is to slow traffic along the whole street. This is to protect vulnerable road users in the area.

You must know the speed limits that apply to the vehicle you're driving. On a motorway, the speed limit for a car is 70 mph - but if it's towing a trailer, that limit is reduced to 60 mph.

The slip road should be used to allow you to accelerate until your speed matches that of the traffic already on the motorway. By doing this, you can join the motorway without affecting the progress of the traffic. At busy times, you may have to slow down to merge into slow-moving traffic. Always give way to traffic already on the motorway.

At a roundabout, a horse rider wanting to turn right may feel safer keeping to the left all the way around the roundabout. Stay well back. Driving close behind or alongside could frighten the horse.

As you would with an able-bodied person, you should prepare to slow down and stop. Don't wave them across, as other traffic may not stop.

You may use hazard warning lights when you slow suddenly on a motorway or unrestricted dual carriageway, to warn traffic behind of a hazard ahead. Never use hazard warning lights to excuse dangerous or illegal parking.

When driving on snow or frozen surfaces, your tyres will have very little grip. To avoid losing that grip, you'll need to accelerate, steer and brake very gently.

You'll be putting yourself and other road users at risk if you continue to drive when you're drowsy. Pull over and stop in a safe place. If you're driving a long distance, think about finding somewhere you can sleep before continuing your journey.

Child passengers should be encouraged to fasten their seat belts themselves from an early age, so that it becomes a matter of routine. It's the driver's responsibility to check that the seat belts of any passengers under 14 years old are fastened securely.

This is important because, when a learner encounters something on the road for the first time, they may not be able to decide whether it represents a risk. So they might not take the right action. With experience, they'll use the information available and get better at assessing risk.

Motorways are open and exposed to prevailing weather conditions. In windy conditions, a high-sided vehicle may shelter you from the wind as you pass. As you emerge past it, you may suddenly be buffeted by the wind.

Treat an unmarked crossroads with great caution, since neither road has priority. Never assume priority if there are no road markings - other drivers may do the same and a collision could result. Look, assess, decide and only proceed when you're sure it's safe.

If you're turning into a side road, pedestrians already crossing the road have priority and you should give way to them. Don't
-wave them across the road
-sound your horn
-flash your headlights
-give any other misleading signal - other road users may misinterpret your signal and you might lead the pedestrian into a dangerous situation.
If a pedestrian is slow or indecisive, be patient and wait. Don't hurry them across by revving your engine.

When you've driven through a ford or flood, your brakes may be soaking wet. Water can reduce your brakes' efficiency, so check that they're working properly before you build up speed again. Lightly applying the brakes while driving slowly will help them to dry. Before you do this, remember to check your mirrors and consider what's behind you.

Fog lights are brighter than normal dipped headlights. If the weather has improved, turn them off to avoid dazzling other road users.

If you wish to overtake a long vehicle, stay well back so that you can see the road ahead. Don't
-get too close to the vehicle, as this will restrict your view of the road ahead
-get impatient; overtaking on a busy road calls for sound judgement
-take a gamble; only overtake when you can see that you can safely complete the manoeuvre.

The sign warning of loose chippings is often accompanied by a plate showing an advisory maximum speed. Stone chippings thrown up by tyres can damage vehicles, and pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists are more vulnerable. The loose surface will increase your vehicle's stopping distance and there's an additional risk of skidding.

Sometimes an insurance company will issue a temporary insurance certificate called a cover note. It gives you the same insurance cover as your certificate, but lasts for a limited period, usually one month.