You may be difficult to see when you're travelling at night, even on a well-lit road. If you use dipped headlights rather than sidelights, other road users will see you more easily.

In icy and snowy weather, your stopping distance will be up to 10 times further than in good, dry conditions. To reduce the risk of skidding, take extra care when braking, accelerating and changing direction.

The traffic that's permitted to use a contraflow lane travels in the opposite direction to traffic in the other lanes on the road. This is to help public transport make full use of the road network in places that would otherwise be unavailable, such as one-way streets.

If your vehicle breaks down on a level crossing, your priority is to get everyone out of the vehicle and clear of the crossing. If there's a railway telephone, use it to tell the signal operator what's happened. If you have time before a train arrives, move the vehicle clear of the crossing, but don't attempt this if the crossing alarm sounds.

The flashing amber light allows time for pedestrians to finish crossing. If the crossing is clear and it's safe, you may drive on before the green light shows.

If you want to turn left and there's a cyclist in front of you, hold back. Wait until the cyclist has passed the junction and then turn left behind them.

Always stay in the middle of your lane until you need to change course. This is even more important when in narrow lanes; for example, at roadworks. Be aware of large vehicles that may have to straddle more than one lane.

Engines burning fossil fuels produce harmful gases. We need to be concerned about the effect this has on our environment. A catalytic converter acts like a filter, removing most of the harmful compounds from the exhaust gas.

The 'stop' sign is the only road sign that's octagonal. This is so that it can be recognised and obeyed even if it's obscured; for example, by snow.

The flashing amber light comes on after the red light, and people may still be crossing. If the crossing is clear and it's safe, you may drive on without waiting for the green light.

Always use your headlights at night on a motorway unless you've stopped on the hard shoulder. If you have to use the hard shoulder, switch off the headlights but leave the parking lights switched on to help other road users see your vehicle.

Make sure you know what the different warning lights mean. An illuminated warning light could mean that your car is unsafe to drive. Don't take risks. If you're not sure about the problem, get a qualified mechanic to check it.

These lights warn that children may be crossing the road to a nearby school. Slow down so that you're ready to stop if necessary.

The decisions we make when driving are shaped by our attitude, norms and motivation. But we're not always aware of these. Open questions can be used to explore these issues without making the pupil defensive. You can then work with the pupil to address any unhelpful attitudes.

When approaching a zebra crossing where you intend to stop, using an arm signal can be helpful. This not only tells the vehicles behind that you intend to stop, but also informs approaching traffic and waiting pedestrians, who can't see your brake lights.

Learning targets should be realistic and attainable; reaching a learning target will reinforce a pupil's progress. Setting objectives that are too ambitious or too complex is more likely to demotivate pupils.

When leaving your car, take all valuables with you, if you can. Otherwise, lock them out of sight.

A category B driving entitlement is normally valid until a person's 70th birthday. The new photocard licence needs to be updated every 10 years; this is to keep the photograph up to date.

If you scan the road as you drive, you should see hazards developing. Once you've seen the danger, reduce speed and be prepared to stop if necessary.

Before you drive a vehicle on the road, you must hold a driving licence for the class of vehicle being driven. You must also be covered by a minimum of third-party insurance while driving that vehicle.

Learning is far more effective when a pupil can identify for themselves the reason why something has gone wrong. If they can't work it out, you can help them to understand with an explanation or a diagram. When they understand the problem, the pupil should then practise this manoeuvre.

Never leave the vehicle documents inside the vehicle. They would help a thief to dispose of it more easily.

The approach to and exit from a pedestrian crossing is marked with zigzag lines. You mustn't park in this area, as it would block the view for pedestrians and traffic. Overtaking the leading vehicle on approach to a crossing is also illegal.

When all four wheels are driven, there's less chance of the tyres losing their grip, compared with a two-wheel-drive vehicle. But this doesn't replace the skills you need to drive safely. The extra grip helps to prevent skidding when travelling on slippery or uneven roads.

It's not easy to see cyclists and motorcyclists, due to their small size when compared with other vehicles. At junctions, it's important that you look for these small vehicles; they're easy to overlook and riders are very vulnerable to injury in a collision.

To reduce the risk of wheelspin when moving off on a slippery surface, use a higher gear than normal. This will reduce the amount of torque transmitted to the driven wheels. Gentle use of the accelerator will also make it easier for the tyres to keep their grip.

Snow chains can be fitted to your tyres when snow affects the driving conditions. They can help you to move off from rest or to keep moving in deep snow. You'll also need to adjust your driving to deal with these conditions; don't rely on technology such as anti-lock brakes to overcome bad driving choices.

If your indicators don't turn off automatically, you must cancel them. This might happen after a slight deviation, where the movement of the steering wheel hasn't been enough to activate the auto-cancel mechanism. A signal that continues to show after it should have cancelled can mislead other road users.

If you see a vehicle with a flashing green light, allow it to pass when you can do so safely; it will be a doctor on an emergency call. Someone's life could depend on the driver making good progress through the traffic.

Vehicles towing trailers are subject to a speed limit of 60 mph on motorways and dual carriageways. In addition, any vehicle towing a trailer may not use the right-hand lane of a motorway that has three or more lanes.